Very large-scale integration is the process of creating an integrated circuit by combining millions of MOS transistors onto a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when MOS integrated circuit chips were widely adopted, enabling complex semiconductor and telecommunication technologies to be developed.

Mobile computing is human–computer interaction in which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage, which allows for the transmission of data, voice, and video. Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software

Information about the environment could be provided by a computer vision system, acting as a vision sensor and providing high-level information about the environment and the robot

Automotive electronics are electronic systems used in vehicles, including engine management, ignition, radio, carputers, telematics, in-car entertainment systems, and others.

Intelligent systems are technologically advanced machines that perceive and respond to the world around them.The field of intelligent systems also focuses on how these systems interact with human users in changing and dynamic physical and social environments.

machine learning uses programmed algorithms that receive and analyse input data to predict output values within an acceptable range. As new data is fed to these algorithms, they learn and optimise their operations to improve performance, developing 'intelligence' over time.

medical imaging techniques and processes used to create images of various parts of the human body for diagnostic and treatment purposes within digital health.